I. Crusades overview
II. Crusaders and Military Orders
III. Maps and Castles of the Holy Land
IV. Cities of the Orient
V. Famous historical figures
VI. Various images
* References are indicated when available *
Crusades overview:
![c_croisade1_clermont2.jpg](prevc_croisade1_clermont2.jpg) |
Urban II preaching the Crusade at Clermont in 1095 (Livre des Passages d'Outre-mer, 15th century, BN, MS Fr. 5594, f. 9)
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![c_croisade1_clermont1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_clermont1.jpg) |
Urbain II en route to the council at Clermont
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![c_croisade1_massacre_chrétiens.jpg](prevc_croisade1_massacre_chrétiens.jpg) |
Crusade propaganda: Christian pilgrims killed by Muslims in the Holy Land
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![p_pierre_ermite1.jpg](prevp_pierre_ermite1.jpg) |
Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade (Abreviamen de las Estorias, 14th century, BL, MS Egerton 1500 f. 45v).
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![p_pierre_ermite2.jpg](prevp_pierre_ermite2.jpg) |
Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade
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![c_croisade1_massacre_juifs1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_massacre_juifs1.jpg) |
Massacre of the Jews by the People's Crusade
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![c_croisade1_massacre_juifs2.jpg](prevc_croisade1_massacre_juifs2.jpg) |
Massacre of the Jews by the People's Crusade (Auguste Migette, 1802-1884, Metz, musée d'Art et d'Histoire)
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![p_pierre_ermite3.jpg](prevp_pierre_ermite3.jpg) |
Peter the Hermit meets the Byzantine Emperor
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![c_croisade1_civitot1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_civitot1.jpg) |
People's Crusade defeated at Civitot (15th century)
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![c_croisade1_civitot2.jpg](prevc_croisade1_civitot2.jpg) |
People's Crusade defeated at Civitot (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![c_croisade1_godefroi1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_godefroi1.jpg) |
First Crusade: Godefroi of Bouillon leading his army (13th century, BN MS Fr. 9084, f. 20v)
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![c_croisade1_bosphore.jpg](prevc_croisade1_bosphore.jpg) |
The Crusade leaders crossing the Bosporus
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![c_croisade1_nicee_siege.jpg](prevc_croisade1_nicee_siege.jpg) |
The siege of Nicaea
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![c_croisade1_combat.jpg](prevc_croisade1_combat.jpg) |
Crusaders fighting the Turks
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![c_croisade1_dorylée2.jpg](prevc_croisade1_dorylée2.jpg) |
The Battle of Doryleum (Histoire d'Outremer, 14th century, BN MS Fr. 352 f. 49)
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![c_croisade1_dorylée1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_dorylée1.jpg) |
Christian knights charging the Muslims (Les Chroniques de France ou de St-Denis, 15th century, BL MS Add. 21143, f. 90)
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![c_croisade1_antioche_siège1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_antioche_siège1.jpg) |
The siege of Antioch
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![c_croisade1_antioche_siège2.jpg](prevc_croisade1_antioche_siège2.jpg) |
The siege of Antioch
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![c_croisade1_antioche_siège3.jpg](prevc_croisade1_antioche_siège3.jpg) |
The siege of Antioch
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![c_croisade1_antioche_siège4.jpg](prevc_croisade1_antioche_siège4.jpg) |
The siege of Antioch (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![c_croisade1_antioche_massacre.jpg](prevc_croisade1_antioche_massacre.jpg) |
Massacre in Antioch (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![c_croisade1_sainte-lance1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_sainte-lance1.jpg) |
The discovery of the Holy Lance (National Geographic Society, 1969)
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![c_croisade1_sainte-lance3.jpg](prevc_croisade1_sainte-lance3.jpg) |
The discovery of the Holy Lance
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![c_croisade1_sainte-lance2.jpg](prevc_croisade1_sainte-lance2.jpg) |
The Holy Lance held by Adhémar du Puy before Antioch (13th century, BL MS Yates Thompson 12, f. 29).
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![d_cannibalisme.jpg](prevd_cannibalisme.jpg) |
Cannibalism at Maarat
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![c_croisade1_jerusalem_prise5.jpg](prevc_croisade1_jerusalem_prise5.jpg) |
The siege of Jerusalem: procession around the walls
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![c_croisade1_jerusalem_prise1.jpg](prevc_croisade1_jerusalem_prise1.jpg) |
The Crusaders besieging Jerusalem
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![c_croisade1_jerusalem_prise4.jpg](prevc_croisade1_jerusalem_prise4.jpg) |
The Crusaders attacking Jerusalem (Guillaume de Tyr, Histoire d'Outremer, Bibliothèque municipale, Lyon)
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![c_croisade1_jerusalem_prise3.jpg](prevc_croisade1_jerusalem_prise3.jpg) |
The Crusaders invade Jerusalem
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![c_croisade1_jerusalem_prise2.jpg](prevc_croisade1_jerusalem_prise2.jpg) |
The victorious Crusaders
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Recovery of the Cross (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![p_godefroi2.jpg](prevp_godefroi2.jpg) |
Death of Godefroi de Bouillon (1099)
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![c_croisade2_depart.jpg](prevc_croisade2_depart.jpg) |
Second Crusade: departure of Louis VII (14th century)
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![c_croisade2-1.jpg](prevc_croisade2-1.jpg) |
Second Crusade arrives at Constantinople in 1147
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![c_croisade2-2.jpg](prevc_croisade2-2.jpg) |
Second Crusade is ambushed by the Turks in Asia Minor (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![c_croisade2_damas.jpg](prevc_croisade2_damas.jpg) |
Second Crusade: the leaders hold a council at Acre before besieging Damascus (13th century, Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon, MS 828, f. 189r.)
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![c_croisade2_damas2.jpg](prevc_croisade2_damas2.jpg) |
The Second Crusade: siege of Damascus by the armies of Baldwin III, Louis VII and Conrad III in 1149. (Miniature of S. Mamerot, BN, Paris)
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![c_croisade3_jerusalem_1187.jpg](prevc_croisade3_jerusalem_1187.jpg) |
Jerusalem captured by Saladin in 1187
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![p_saladin2.jpg](prevp_saladin2.jpg) |
Saladin victorious
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![c_croisade3_saladin.jpg](prevc_croisade3_saladin.jpg) |
The Christians submit to Saladin
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![c_croisade3_voeu_de_croisade.jpg](prevc_croisade3_voeu_de_croisade.jpg) |
Third Crusade: Richard the Lionheart and Philip Augustus take the Cross (Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Paris)
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![c_croisade3_messine.jpg](prevc_croisade3_messine.jpg) |
Third Crusade: Richard the Lionheart and Philip Augustus quarrel at Messina, Sicily (Les Chroniques de France ou de St-Denis, 14th century, BL MS Roy. 16 G VI, f. 350)
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![c_croisade3_acre.jpg](prevc_croisade3_acre.jpg) |
Third Crusade: Richard the Lionheart and Philip Augustus receive the keys of Acre (Bibliothèque nationale de Paris)
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![c_croisade3_richard_vs_saladin.jpg](prevc_croisade3_richard_vs_saladin.jpg) |
Third Crusade: Richard the Lionheart against Saladin
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![c_croisade3_massacre_prisonniers.jpg](prevc_croisade3_massacre_prisonniers.jpg) |
Third Crusade: Richard the Lionheart orders the massacre of Muslim prisoners
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![c_croisade4_itineraire.jpg](prevc_croisade4_itineraire.jpg) |
The diversion of the Fourth Crusade
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![c_croisade4_flotte.jpg](prevc_croisade4_flotte.jpg) |
Fourth Crusade: the Crusaders arrive at Constantinople (BN, Paris, XVe siècle)
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![c_croisade4_delacroix.jpg](prevc_croisade4_delacroix.jpg) |
Fourth Crusade: the sack of Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 19th century)
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![c_croisade4_butin1.jpg](prevc_croisade4_butin1.jpg) |
Booty from Constantinople (Saint-Marc cathedral, Venice)
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![c_croisade4_butin2.jpg](prevc_croisade4_butin2.jpg) |
Booty from Constantinople (Saint-Marc cathedral, Venice)
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![c_croisade4_butin3.jpg](prevc_croisade4_butin3.jpg) |
Booty from Constantinople (Saint-Marc cathedral, Venice)
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![c_croisade4_butin4.jpg](prevc_croisade4_butin4.jpg) |
Booty from Constantinople (Saint-Marc cathedral, Venice)
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![c_croisade4_butin5.jpg](prevc_croisade4_butin5.jpg) |
Booty from Constantinople (Saint-Marc cathedral, Venice)
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![c_croisade4_chevaux.jpg](prevc_croisade4_chevaux.jpg) |
Bronze horses captured from Constantinople (Saint-Marc cathedral, Venice)
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![c_croisade4_chevaux2.jpg](prevc_croisade4_chevaux2.jpg) |
Venice in the 14th century: the bronze horses pillaged at Constantinople adorn Saint-Marc's cathedral (Les Livres du Graunt Caam, 14th century, Bodleian Library, MS 264, f. 218r).
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![c_croisade6_jerusalem_restitution.jpg](prevc_croisade6_jerusalem_restitution.jpg) |
Sixth Crusade: the restitution of Jerusalem by Al-Kamil
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![c_croisade7_depart.jpg](prevc_croisade7_depart.jpg) |
Seventh Crusade: the departure of Saint-Louis (XVe siècle, Louvres)
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![c_croisade7_damiette1.jpg](prevc_croisade7_damiette1.jpg) |
Seventh crusade: the Crusade lands in Egypt
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![c_croisade7_damiette2.jpg](prevc_croisade7_damiette2.jpg) |
Seventh crusade: the Crusade lands in Egypt
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![c_damiette.jpg](prevc_damiette.jpg) |
Seventh crusade: the Crusaders besiege Damietta, in Egypt
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![c_croisade7_damiette3.jpg](prevc_croisade7_damiette3.jpg) |
Seventh Crusade: Saint-Louis buries the bones of the dead at Damietta
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![c_croisade7_mansourah.jpg](prevc_croisade7_mansourah.jpg) |
Seventh Crusade: Saint-Louis at Mansourah (Le livre des faits de Monseigneur Saint Louis, BN, Paris)
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![c_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg](prevc_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg) |
Seventh Crusade: Saint-Louis taken prisoner at Mansourah (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![c_croisade7_prisonnier2.jpg](prevc_croisade7_prisonnier2.jpg) |
Seventh Crusade: Saint-Louis taken prisoner at Mansourah
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![c_croisade7_acre.jpg](prevc_croisade7_acre.jpg) |
Seventh Crusade: Saint-Louis, freed, goes to Acre (Le livre des faits de Monseigneur Saint Louis, BN, Paris)
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![c_croisade8_mort1.jpg](prevc_croisade8_mort1.jpg) |
Eighth Crusade: Saint-Louis dies at Tunis
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![c_croisade8_mort2.jpg](prevc_croisade8_mort2.jpg) |
Eighth Crusade: Saint-Louis dies at Tunis (Le livre des faits de Monseigneur Saint Louis, BN, Paris)
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![c_croisade_des_enfants1.jpg](prevc_croisade_des_enfants1.jpg) |
The Children's Crusade
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![c_croisade_des_enfants2.jpg](prevc_croisade_des_enfants2.jpg) |
The Children's Crusade (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![c_albigeois1.jpg](prevc_albigeois1.jpg) |
The Albigensian Crusades: the Cathars leave Carcassonne
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![c_acre1288.jpg](prevc_acre1288.jpg) |
The siege of Acre in 1288 (Bibliothèque nationale de Paris)
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![c_croisade_de_nicopolis.jpg](prevc_croisade_de_nicopolis.jpg) |
The Crusade of Nicopolis (1396)
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Crusaders and Military Orders:
![m_croisés1.jpg](prevm_croisés1.jpg) |
A praying Crusader (13th century, BL MS Royal 2A XXII f. 220)
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![m_croisés2.jpg](prevm_croisés2.jpg) |
Praying Crusaders (Naples, Dôme de Saint-Janvier, 14th century)
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![m_croisé_et_sa_famille.jpg](prevm_croisé_et_sa_famille.jpg) |
A Crusader leaving his family (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![m_normands.jpg](prevm_normands.jpg) |
Norman cavalry
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![m_ordres_militaires1.jpg](prevm_ordres_militaires1.jpg) |
The Military Orders
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![m_ordre_hospitalier1.jpg](prevm_ordre_hospitalier1.jpg) |
The Hospitalers
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![m_ordre_hospitalier2.jpg](prevm_ordre_hospitalier2.jpg) |
The Hospitalers
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![m_ordre_templier1.jpg](prevm_ordre_templier1.jpg) |
The Templars
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![m_ordre_templier2.jpg](prevm_ordre_templier2.jpg) |
The Templars
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![m_ordre_templier3.jpg](prevm_ordre_templier3.jpg) |
Templar seal
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![m_ordre_teutonique.jpg](prevm_ordre_teutonique.jpg) |
Teutonic knights
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Maps and Castles of the Holy Land:
![carte_etats_latins1.jpg](prevcarte_etats_latins1.jpg) |
The Crusader States in 1135
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![carte_etats_latins_1135.jpg](prevcarte_etats_latins_1135.jpg) |
The Crusader States in 1135
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![carte_empire_latin1.jpg](prevcarte_empire_latin1.jpg) |
The Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261)
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![carte_empire_latin2.jpg](prevcarte_empire_latin2.jpg) |
The Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261)
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![carte_etats_latins_forteresses.jpg](prevcarte_etats_latins_forteresses.jpg) |
Castles and strongholds of the Crusader States
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![f_krak_chevaliers1.jpg](prevf_krak_chevaliers1.jpg) |
Krak des chevaliers
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![f_krak_chevaliers2.jpg](prevf_krak_chevaliers2.jpg) |
Krak des chevaliers
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![f_krak_chevaliers3.jpg](prevf_krak_chevaliers3.jpg) |
Krak des chevaliers: gothic architecture
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![f_krak_chevaliers4.jpg](prevf_krak_chevaliers4.jpg) |
Krak des chevaliers: gothic architecture
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![f_krak_chevaliers5.jpg](prevf_krak_chevaliers5.jpg) |
Krak des chevaliers: defenses
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![f_krak_chevaliers6.jpg](prevf_krak_chevaliers6.jpg) |
Krak des chevaliers: miniature model
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![f_bakras1.jpg](prevf_bakras1.jpg) |
Baghras castle
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![f_belvoir1.jpg](prevf_belvoir1.jpg) |
Belvoir castle
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![f_belvoir2.jpg](prevf_belvoir2.jpg) |
Belvoir castle: plan
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![f_krak_chatel_blanc1.jpg](prevf_krak_chatel_blanc1.jpg) |
Krak de Châtel-Blanc
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![f_krak_chatel_blanc2.jpg](prevf_krak_chatel_blanc2.jpg) |
Krak de Châtel-Blanc: cutaway view
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![f_shobak1.jpg](prevf_shobak1.jpg) |
Sholbac castle
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The Cities of the Orient:
![v_acre_vol_oiseau.jpg](prevv_acre_vol_oiseau.jpg) |
Bird's-eye view of Acre
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![v_acre_aujourd'hui.jpg](prevv_acre_aujourd'hui.jpg) |
Modern Acre
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![v_acre_port.jpg](prevv_acre_port.jpg) |
Modern Acre: the port
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![v_alep_citadelle1.jpg](prevv_alep_citadelle1.jpg) |
Aleppo: citadel
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![v_alep_citadelle2.jpg](prevv_alep_citadelle2.jpg) |
Aleppo: citadel
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![v_alep_citadelle3.jpg](prevv_alep_citadelle3.jpg) |
Aleppo: citadel
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![v_alep_rue.jpg](prevv_alep_rue.jpg) |
Aleppo: street
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![v_antioche_carte.jpg](prevv_antioche_carte.jpg) |
Antioch: map
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![v_antioche_moderne_du_mont_silpius.jpg](prevv_antioche_moderne_du_mont_silpius.jpg) |
Modern Antioch: view from mount Silpius
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![v_antioche_du_mont_silpius2.jpg](prevv_antioche_du_mont_silpius2.jpg) |
Antioch: countryside view from mount Silpius
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![v_antioche_remparts.jpg](prevv_antioche_remparts.jpg) |
Antioch: defenses
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![v_arsuf.jpg](prevv_arsuf.jpg) |
Arsuf
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![v_caire_citadelle.jpg](prevv_caire_citadelle.jpg) |
Cairo: citadel
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![v_constantinople2.jpg](prevv_constantinople2.jpg) |
Constantinople: map (by Benoît Fraikin)
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![v_constantinople3.jpg](prevv_constantinople3.jpg) |
Constantinople: city centre
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![v_constantinople4.jpg](prevv_constantinople4.jpg) |
Constantinople: city centre
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![v_constantinople_bosphore.jpg](prevv_constantinople_bosphore.jpg) |
Constantinople: Bosporus
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![v_constantinople_hippodrome1.jpg](prevv_constantinople_hippodrome1.jpg) |
Constantinople: the Hippodrome
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![v_constantinople_hippodrome2.jpg](prevv_constantinople_hippodrome2.jpg) |
Constantinople: the Hippodrome
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![v_constantinople_murs1.jpg](prevv_constantinople_murs1.jpg) |
Constantinople: walls of Theodosius
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![v_constantinople_murs2.jpg](prevv_constantinople_murs2.jpg) |
Constantinople: walls of Theodosius
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![v_constantinople_murs3.jpg](prevv_constantinople_murs3.jpg) |
Constantinople: walls of Theodosius
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![v_constantinople_porte_dorée.jpg](prevv_constantinople_porte_dorée.jpg) |
Constantinople: the Golden Gate
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![v_constantinople_sainte-sophie1.jpg](prevv_constantinople_sainte-sophie1.jpg) |
Constantinople: Hagia Sophia (no minarets)
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![v_constantinople_sainte-sophie2.jpg](prevv_constantinople_sainte-sophie2.jpg) |
Constantinople: Hagia Sophia (with minarets)
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![v_constantinople_sainte-sophie3.jpg](prevv_constantinople_sainte-sophie3.jpg) |
Constantinople: Hagia Sophia (interior)
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![v_constantinople_sainte-sophie4.jpg](prevv_constantinople_sainte-sophie4.jpg) |
Constantinople: Hagia Sophia (Ottoman period)
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![v_constantinople_sainte-sophie5.jpg](prevv_constantinople_sainte-sophie5.jpg) |
Constantinople: Hagia Sophia (cross section)
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![v_constantinople_sainte-sophie6.jpg](prevv_constantinople_sainte-sophie6.jpg) |
Constantinople: Hagia Sophia (plan)
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![v_césarée_vol_oiseau.jpg](prevv_césarée_vol_oiseau.jpg) |
Bird's-eye view of Caesarea
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![v_jerusalem3.jpg](prevv_jerusalem3.jpg) |
Jerusalem
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![v_jerusalem5.jpg](prevv_jerusalem5.jpg) |
Jerusalem: romantic painting
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![v_jerusalem4.jpg](prevv_jerusalem4.jpg) |
Jerusalem: Damas door
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![v_jerusalem_al-aqsa.jpg](prevv_jerusalem_al-aqsa.jpg) |
Jerusalem: Al-Aqsa mosque
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![v_jerusalem1.jpg](prevv_jerusalem1.jpg) |
Jerusalem: 12th century
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![v_jerusalem2.jpg](prevv_jerusalem2.jpg) |
Jerusalem: 12th century
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![v_jerusalem_med1.jpg](prevv_jerusalem_med1.jpg) |
Jerusalem: medieval map
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![v_jerusalem_med2.jpg](prevv_jerusalem_med2.jpg) |
Jerusalem: medieval map
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![v_jerusalem_sepulcre1.jpg](prevv_jerusalem_sepulcre1.jpg) |
Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre (exterior)
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![v_jerusalem_sepulcre2.jpg](prevv_jerusalem_sepulcre2.jpg) |
Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre (cutaway view)
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![v_jerusalem_sepulcre3.jpg](prevv_jerusalem_sepulcre3.jpg) |
Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre (Gustave Doré, 19th century)
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![v_venise_eglise_st_marc1.jpg](prevv_venise_eglise_st_marc1.jpg) |
Venice: Saint-Marc cathedral
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![v_venise_eglise_st_marc2.jpg](prevv_venise_eglise_st_marc2.jpg) |
Venice: Saint-Marc cathedral (interior)
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![v_village.jpg](prevv_village.jpg) |
Village
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![v_campagne1.jpg](prevv_campagne1.jpg) |
Countryside
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![v_campagne2.jpg](prevv_campagne2.jpg) |
Countryside
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![d_production_huile_olive.jpg](prevd_production_huile_olive.jpg) |
Olive oil production
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Famous historical figures:
![p_alexis1.jpg](prevp_alexis1.jpg) |
Alexios I Comnnenos: Byzantine Emperor (1081-1118)
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![p_alexis3.jpg](prevp_alexis3.jpg) |
Alexios III Angelos: Byzantine Emperor (1195-1203)
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![p_alexis4.jpg](prevp_alexis4.jpg) |
Alexios IV Angelos: Byzantine Emperor (1203-1204)
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![p_baudouin1.jpg](prevp_baudouin1.jpg) |
Baldwin I: King of Jerusalem (1100-1118)
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![p_bernard_de_clairvaux1.jpg](prevp_bernard_de_clairvaux1.jpg) |
Bernard of Clairvaux: theologian (1113-1153)
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![p_bernard_de_clairvaux2.jpg](prevp_bernard_de_clairvaux2.jpg) |
Bernard of Clairvaux: theologian (1113-1153)
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![p_blanche_de_castille.jpg](prevp_blanche_de_castille.jpg) |
Blanche of Castille: mother of Saint-Louis
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![p_conrad3.jpg](prevp_conrad3.jpg) |
Conrad III: German King (1138-1152)
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![p_conrad_de_montferrat.jpg](prevp_conrad_de_montferrat.jpg) |
Conrad of Montferrat: King of Jerusalem (1192)
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![p_foulques_de_neuilly.jpg](prevp_foulques_de_neuilly.jpg) |
Foulques of Neuilly: preacher of the Fourth Crusade
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![p_barberousse1.jpg](prevp_barberousse1.jpg) |
Frederick I Barbarossa: German Emperor (1155-1190)
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![p_frederic2.jpg](prevp_frederic2.jpg) |
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: German Emperor (1220-1250)
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![p_godefroi1.jpg](prevp_godefroi1.jpg) |
Godefroi of Bouillon: Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre (1099-1110)
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![p_guillaume_de_tyr.jpg](prevp_guillaume_de_tyr.jpg) |
William of Tyre: archbishop and historian (m. 1185)
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![p_guy_de_lusignan.jpg](prevp_guy_de_lusignan.jpg) |
Guy of Lusignan: King of Jerusalem (1186-1192)
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![p_jean2.jpg](prevp_jean2.jpg) |
John II Comnenos: Byzantine Emperor (1118-1143)
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![p_louis7.jpg](prevp_louis7.jpg) |
Louis VII: King of France (1137-1180)
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![p_manuel1.jpg](prevp_manuel1.jpg) |
Manuel I Comnnenos: Byzantine Emperor (1143-1180)
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![p_philippe_auguste.jpg](prevp_philippe_auguste.jpg) |
Philip II Augustus: King of France (1180-1223)
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![p_philippe_le_bel.jpg](prevp_philippe_le_bel.jpg) |
Philip IV the Fair: King of France (1285-1314)
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![p_pierre_ermite1.jpg](prevp_pierre_ermite1.jpg) |
Pierre the Hermit: monk and leader of the People's Crusade
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![p_richard1.jpg](prevp_richard1.jpg) |
Richard the Lionheart: King of England (1188-1199)
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![p_saint-louis.jpg](prevp_saint-louis.jpg) |
Saint-Louis (Louis IX): King of France (1226-1270)
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![p_saladin1.jpg](prevp_saladin1.jpg) |
Saladin: sultan of Egypt (1171-1193)
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![pape_boniface8.jpg](prevpape_boniface8.jpg) |
Pope Boniface VIII: (1294-1303)
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![pape_clement3.jpg](prevpape_clement3.jpg) |
Pope Clement III: (1187-1191)
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![pape_clément5.jpg](prevpape_clément5.jpg) |
Pope Clement V: (1305-1314)
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![pape_eugene3.jpg](prevpape_eugene3.jpg) |
Pope Eugene III: (1145-1153)
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![pape_gregoire7.jpg](prevpape_gregoire7.jpg) |
Pope Gregory VII: (1073-1085)
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![pape_gregoire8.jpg](prevpape_gregoire8.jpg) |
Pope Gregory VIII: (1187)
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![pape_honore3.jpg](prevpape_honore3.jpg) |
Pope Honorius III: (1216-1227)
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![pape_innocent3-2.jpg](prevpape_innocent3-2.jpg) |
Pope Innocent III: (1198-1216)
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Divers:
![d_islam_muezzin.jpg](prevd_islam_muezzin.jpg) |
Muezzin
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![d_mamelouks.jpg](prevd_mamelouks.jpg) |
Mameluks
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![d_turc_seldjoukide1.jpg](prevd_turc_seldjoukide1.jpg) |
Seldjukid Turks
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![d_turc_seldjoukide2.jpg](prevd_turc_seldjoukide2.jpg) |
Seldjukid Turks
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![d_turc_seldjoukide3.jpg](prevd_turc_seldjoukide3.jpg) |
Seldjukid Turks
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![d_assassins_vallée_des_assassins_en_iran.jpg](prevd_assassins_vallée_des_assassins_en_iran.jpg) |
Valley of the Assassins in Iran
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![d_assassins_edouard3.jpg](prevd_assassins_edouard3.jpg) |
Assassination attempt of Edward III
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![d_commerce_musulman.jpg](prevd_commerce_musulman.jpg) |
Muslim trade routes in the Middle Ages
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![d_feu_gregeois.jpg](prevd_feu_gregeois.jpg) |
Greek fire
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![d_navire_chretien.jpg](prevd_navire_chretien.jpg) |
Christian ship
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![d_navire_saint-louis.jpg](prevd_navire_saint-louis.jpg) |
Ship from Saint-Louis's navy
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![c_croisade1_massacre_prisonniers.jpg](prevc_croisade1_massacre_prisonniers.jpg) |
Christian prisoners decapitated by the Muslims (Crusade propaganda) (Les Livres du Graunt Caam, XIVe siècle, BL MS Roy. 19 D I, f. 107)
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